Abstract Objective To verify the performance of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods The authors conducted an observational cross-sectional multicenter study in the PICUs of 5 hospitals in Brazil. Eligible participants were all parents or legal guardians of PICU-admitted children, aged 18 years or over. The NPS was administered together with the EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC-30), used as the gold standard, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. For analysis, the results were dichotomized into values greater than or equal to the median of the tests. The associations between the 2 tools were evaluated and the distribution of their results was compared. Results The parents or legal guardians of 78 PICU-admitted children were interviewed. Of the respondents, 85% were women and 62% were in a private hospital. The median NPS was 10 (IQR, 10-10), and the median EMPATHIC-30 score was 5.7 (IQR, 5.4-5.9). Compared with the gold standard, the NPS had a sensitivity of 100% at all cutoff points, except at cutoff 10, where the sensitivity was slightly lower (97.5%). As for specificity, NPS performance was poorer, with values ranging from 0% (NPS ≥ 5) to 47.4% (NPS = 10). Conclusions NPS proved to be a sensitive tool to assess parental satisfaction, but with poor ability to identify dissatisfied users in the sample.

Abstract Objective The proportion of children with complex chronic conditions is increasing in PICUs around the world. We determined the prevalence and functional status of children with complex chronic conditions in Brazilian PICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The authors conducted a point prevalence cross-sectional study among fifteen Brazilian PICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors enrolled all children admitted to the participating PICUs with complex chronic conditions on three different days, four weeks apart, starting on April 4th, 2020. The authors recorded the patient's characteristics and functional status at admission and discharge days. Results During the 3 study days from March to June 2020, the authors enrolled 248 patients admitted to the 15 PICUs; 148 had CCC (prevalence of 59.7%). Patients had a median of 1 acute diagnosis and 2 chronic diagnoses. The use of resources/devices was extensive. The main mode of respiratory support was conventional mechanical ventilation. Most patients had a peripherally inserted central catheter (63.1%), followed by a central venous line (52.5%), and 33.3% had gastrostomy or/and tracheostomy. The functional status score was significantly better at discharge compared to admission day due to the respiratory status improvement. Conclusions The prevalence of children with CCC admitted to the Brazilian PICUs represented 59.7% of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The functional status of these children improved during hospitalization, mainly due to the respiratory component.

Abstract Simulation has been implemented in Health Sciences education in response to limitations of daily clinical practice. Through simulation it is possible to create a safe learning environment, where the conditions of the deliberate practice model can be implemented. However, there are several challenges associated with the emergence of these teaching resources that should be addressed, such as the best strategies for the curricular integration of simulation programmes, the optimization of resources and training time, and methods to evaluate new practices. Learning curves are representations of the relationship between training and the performance level, which allows the longitudinal inspection of the learning process. This article aims to review the concept of learning curves and describe potential benefits of its use in Health Sciences education and biomedical simulation.

Resumo O treino por simulação tem vindo a ser implementado no ensino das Ciências da Saúde, em resposta a limitações da prática clínica. Através do treino e ensino por simulação é possível criar um ambiente de aprendizagem seguro, onde as condições do modelo da prática deliberada podem ser implementadas. Porém, existem vários desafios associados à emergência destes recursos pedagógicos que necessitam de resposta, como a definição das melhores estratégias para sua integração curricular, a otimização da gestão de recursos e tempo de treino e métodos para avaliação destas novas técnicas. As curvas de aprendizagem são representações da relação entre o treino e o nível de desempenho que permitem a inspeção longitudinal do processo de aprendizagem. Este artigo pretende rever o conceito de curvas de aprendizagem e descrever potenciais benefícios da sua utilização no ensino e treino dos profissionais de saúde e na simulação biomédica.

Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are alloys with controlled additions of Cr, Ni, Mo and N which, after a suitable thermomechanical treatment, results in a balanced microstructure with similar proportions of ferrite (δ) and austenite (γ). Thus, it is possible to obtain good combinations of high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance through microstructural refinement, which also leads to a relatively good Pitting Resistance Equivalent value (PRE) at both phases. However, inadequate heat treatment and/or welding processes might result in the precipitation of deleterious phases, leading to poor mechanical properties and/or corrosion resistance. In this sense, the use of non-destructive microstructural characterization techniques becomes a valuable resource to access such alterations. Therefore, this work evaluates the precipitation of deleterious phase’s in welded thermal aged joints by portable Double Loop Electrochemical Polarization Reactivation (DL-EPR) taking into account a preliminary metallographic replica characterization. The results show that the proposed portable method can detect even a small percentage of deleterious phases, in addition to having a strong potential to be a non-destructive microstructural characterization technique.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a satisfação dos pais em relação ao cuidado prestado ao filho internado na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e fatores clínicos associados. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, transversal, com 84 pais, em hospital privado de São Paulo, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de março de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, no pós-alta. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. Resultados: A média de satisfação foi alta (5,75) (DP=0,35). Não houve correlação da satisfação dos pais com tempo de internação, gravidade e doença. Conclusão: Os pais apresentaram altos níveis de satisfação com o cuidado recebido na terapia intensiva pediátrica, independentemente da classificação da doença, tempo de internação ou gravidade. Observou-se maior satisfação nos domínios atitude profissional, cuidado e cura, informação e participação dos pais.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the parents’ satisfaction in relation to the care provided to their child admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and associated clinical factors. Method: Exploratory, cross-sectional study, with a total of 84 parents, in a private hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data collection took place from March 2019 to January 2020, in the post-discharge period. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: Mean satisfaction was high (5.75) (SD=0.35). There was no correlation between parents’ satisfaction and length of hospital stay, severity and illness. Conclusion: Parents showed high levels of satisfaction with the care received in pediatric intensive care, regardless of disease classification, length of hospital stay or severity. Greater satisfaction was observed in the domains of professional attitude, care and cure, information and parents’ participation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la satisfacción de los padres en relación con la atención brindada al niño ingresado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos y los factores clínicos asociados. Método: Es una investigación exploratoria y transversal, realizada entre 84 padres en un hospital privado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los datos se recogieron entre marzo de 2019 y enero de 2020, después del alta y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y el Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La media de satisfacción fue alta (5,75) (DP=0,35). No hubo correlación de la satisfacción de los padres con la duración de la estancia, la enfermedad y la gravedad. Conclusión: Los padres mostraron altos niveles de satisfacción con la atención recibida en cuidados intensivos pediátricos, independientemente del período de la hospitalización, de la clasificación de la enfermedad o de la gravedad de la misma. Se observó mayor satisfacción en los dominios de actitud profesional, cuidado y curación, información y participación de los padres.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of life support limitation (LSL) in patients who died after at least 24 h of a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay, parent participation and to describe how this type of care is delivered. Methods: Retrospective cohort study in a tertiary PICU at a university hospital in Brazil. All patients aged 1 month to 18 years who died were eligible for inclusion. The exclusion criteria were those brain death and death within 24 h of admission. Results: 53 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of a LSL report was 45.3%. Out of 24 patients with a report of LSL on their medical records only 1 did not have a donot-resuscitate order. Half of the patients with a report of LSL had life support withdrawn. The length of their PICU stay, age, presence of parents at the time of death, and severity on admission, calculated by the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2, were higher in patients with a report of LSL. Compared with other historical cohorts, there was a clear increase in the prevalence of LSL and, most importantly, a change in how limitations are carried out, with a high prevalence of parental participation and an increase in withdrawal of life support. Conclusions: LSLs were associated with older and more severely ill patients, with a high prevalence of family participation in this process. The historical comparison showed an increase in LSL and in the withdrawal of life support.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prognostic performance of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2), ferritin, lactate, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocytes, alone and in combination, in pediatric patients with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a PICU in Brazil. All patients aged 6 months to 18 years admitted with a diagnosis of sepsis were eligible for inclusion. Those with ferritin and C-reactive protein measured within 48 h and lactate and leukocytes within 24 h of admission were included in the prognostic performance analysis. Results Of 350 eligible patients with sepsis, 294 had undergone all measurements required for analysis and were included in the study. PIM2, ferritin, lactate, and CRP had good discriminatory power for mortality, with PIM2 and ferritin being superior to CRP. The cutoff values for PIM2 (> 14%), ferritin (> 135 ng/mL), lactate (> 1.7 mmol/L), and CRP (> 6.7 mg/mL) were associated with mortality. The combination of ferritin, lactate, and CRP had a positive predictive value of 43% for mortality, similar to that of PIM2 alone (38.6%). The combined use of the three biomarkers plus PIM2 increased the positive predictive value to 76% and accuracy to 0.945. Conclusions PIM2, ferritin, lactate, and CRP alone showed good prognostic performance for mortality in pediatric patients older than 6 months with sepsis. When combined, they were able to predict death in three-fourths of the patients with sepsis. Total leukocyte count was not useful as a prognostic marker.

Resumo O artigo discute a estética do cinema de Jafar Panahi que, proibido de fazer filmes, adota a metanarrativa como estratégia de linguagem e de denúncia do sistema político. Objetiva-se, assim, refletir sobre o cinema que radicaliza o tensionamento das fronteiras entre ficção e não ficção, tanto como forma de denunciar a injustiça da qual o autor é vítima, quanto para problematizar os limites da narrativa cinematográfica. Toma-se, para tanto, o filme “Isto Não É Um Filme” (2010), entendendo como uma produção característica das narrativas pós-modernas, marcada pela oferta de sentidos que promete o acesso ao real tanto quanto possível, buscando romper com o tradicional escamoteamento das marcas de enunciação do cinema, ao voltar-se a si mesmo, incorporando os bastidores à trama principal. São analisadas sequências do filme a partir de categorias resultantes de padrões repetição: a) a câmera como elemento intradigético e metanarrativo; b) o mise en abyme, c) O realizador como personagem.

Abstract This article discusses metanarrative as Jafar Panahi’s strategy of narrative articulation and denunciation, who was banned by the Iranian government from making films. It aims to reflect on how the production “This Is Not a Film” radicalizes the tension the boundaries between fiction and non-fiction, denouncing the injustice in which the director is a victim of. The analysis comes from three categories: a) the camera as an intradiegetic and metanarrative element; b) the mise en abyme, and c) the director as a character. It is concluded that the film is a production of contemporary aesthetics, stamped by narratives where meaning proposes problematic access to the real, in the supposed rupture with canonical rules of cinema when breaking the fourth wall, making the alleged concealment of the marks of enunciation an important narrative articulation, in order to transgress and also make it visible to the censorship imposed in the country, by incorporating the backstage to the main plot, in a movement of the film to turn back to itself.

Resumen El artículo discute la metanarrativa como estrategia de articulación narrativa y de denuncia en el cine de Jafar Panahi, prohibido por el gobierno iraní de hacer películas. Se pretende reflejar cómo la obra “Esto no es una película” radicaliza la tensión de las fronteras entre ficción y no ficción, denunciando la injusticia de la que el director es víctima. El análisis se da a partir de tres categorías: (a) la cámara como elemento intradiegético y metanarrativo; (b) el mise en abyme; y (c) el realizador como personaje. Se concluye que la película es una producción propia de la estética contemporánea, marcada por narrativas cuya oferta de sentido problematiza el acceso a lo real, en el supuesto rompimiento con reglas canónicas del cine al romper la cuarta pared, haciendo de la pretendida disimulación de marcas de enunciación una importante articulación narrativa, con el fin de transgredir y dar visibilidad a la censura impuesta al país, al incorporar los bastidores a la trama principal, en el movimiento de la película de vuelta sobre sí misma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a carga de trabalho de enfermagem por meio dos instrumentos Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) e Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) em crianças internadas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, com amostra constituída por todas as crianças internadas durante o período do estudo. A carga de trabalho de enfermagem foi avaliada por meio dos instrumentos TISS-28, NEMS e NAS, e posteriormente dividida em dois grupos: Grupo 1 formando uma categoria de itens de atividades básicas; Grupo 2 formando uma categoria de outras atividades de apoio e intervenção. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 490 internações em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, totalizando 4617 observações. O NAS apresentou a melhor estimativa do total de horas de trabalho. O TISS-28 e o NEMS apresentaram melhor concordância e os resultados apresentaram fortes correlações entre NAS e TISS-28 e entre NEMS e TISS-28. No Grupo 1 (atividades básicas), o NAS(1) e o TISS-28(1) apresentaram correlação moderada, no Grupo 2 (atividades especializadas) os três instrumentos apresentaram correlações fortes. Conclusão: O NAS destacou-se na avaliação da carga de trabalho de enfermagem e apresentou boa correlação e concordância com o TISS-28.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the nursing workload using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) and Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) instruments in children admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a university hospital. Method: A prospective cohort study performed in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, with a sample formed of all children hospitalized during the study period. Nursing workload was evaluated using the TISS-28, NEMS and NAS instruments, and further divided into two groups: Group 1 forming a category of basic activities items and Group 2 forming a category of other support and intervention activities. Results: The sample consisted of 490 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit admissions, totaling 4617 observations. NAS presented the best estimate of total working hours. TISS-28 and NEMS showed better agreement and the results showed strong correlations between NAS and TISS-28 and between NEMS and TISS-28. In Group 1 (basic activities), NAS(1) and TISS-28(1) showed moderate correlation, in Group 2 (specialized activities) the three instruments showed strong correlations. Conclusion: NAS stood out in the evaluation of nursing workload and showed good correlation and agreement with the TISS-28.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la carga de trabajo de enfermería a través de los instrumentos Nursing Activities Score (NAS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) y Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) en niños ingresados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica de un hospital universitario. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica, con muestra constituida por todos los niños ingresados durante el período de estudio. La carga de trabajo de enfermería fue evaluada a través de los instrumentos TISS-28, NEMS y NAS y, posteriormente dividida en dos grupos: Grupo 1 formando una categoría de ítems de actividades básicas; Grupo 2 formando una categoría de otras actividades de apoyo e intervención. Resultados: La muestra fue compuesta por 490 ingresos en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica, en un total de 4617 observaciones. El NAS presentó la mejor estimativa del total de horas trabajadas. El TISS-28 y el NEMS presentaron mejor concordancia y los resultados demostraron fuertes correlaciones entre NAS y TISS-28 y entre NEMS y TISS-28. En el grupo 1 (actividades básicas), el NAS(1) y el TISS-28(1) presentaron correlación moderada, en el Grupo 2 (actividades especializadas) los tres instrumentos presentaron correlaciones fuertes. Consideraciones Finales: El NAS se destacó en la evaluación de la carga de trabajo de enfermería y presentó buena correlación y concordancia con el TISS-28.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência, mortalidade e fatores de risco associados aos nascimentos de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN) ao longo de 33 anos. Métodos: Série de quatro estudos transversais com o uso de dados das entrevistas perinatais das coortes de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas coletados em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015. A partir de questionários perinatais, medidas antropométricas dos recém-nascidos e certidões de óbito, foram analisadas a prevalência, a mortalidade neonatal e os fatores de risco (idade materna, renda e tipo de parto) para prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 19.625 recém-nascidos. Em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015 ocorreram, respectivamente, 5.909, 5.232, 4.226 e 4.258 nascimentos. A prevalência de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer naqueles anos foi, respectivamente, de 1,1% (n = 64), 0,9% (n = 46), 1,4% (n = 61) e 1,3% (n = 54). A tendência de aumento durante o período não alcançou significância estatística (p = 0,11). Entre os fatores de risco, a renda familiar nos três quintis mais pobres esteve associada a prevalências cerca de duas vezes mais altas do que no quintil mais rico (p = 0,003). A mortalidade por 1.000 nascidos vivos para os neonatos com peso < 1500 g caiu de 688 para 259 por mil ao longo dos anos (p < 0,001), mas ainda representa 61% dos óbitos neonatais em 2015. Conclusão: Embora a mortalidade nos prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer tenha diminuído em mais de 60% nos últimos anos, esse grupo ainda contribui com mais da metade dos óbitos neonatais. A baixa renda familiar continua a ser fator de risco importante nesse cenário.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence, mortality and risk factors associated with the birth of very low birth weight preterm infants over a period of 33 years. Methods: Four cross-sectional studies were analyzed, using data from perinatal interviews of birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas collected in 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015. Based on perinatal questionnaires, anthropometric measurements of newborns and death certificates were analyzed to obtain the prevalence rate, neonatal mortality, and risk factors (maternal age, income and type of delivery) for very low birth weight. Results: A total of 19,625 newborns were included in the study. In the years 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015, there were, respectively, 5909, 5232, 4226, and 4258 births. The prevalence of very low birth weight was, respectively, 1.1% (n = 64), 0.9% (n = 46), 1.4% (n = 61), and 1.3% (n = 54). There was no statistical evidence of an increasing trend over time (p = 0.11). Among the risk factors, family income in the three poorest quintiles was associated with prevalence rates that were approximately twice as high as in the richest quintile (p = 0.003). Mortality per 1000 live births for neonates weighing <1500 g decreased from 688 to 259 per thousand from 1982 to 2015 (p < 0.001), but still represented 61% of neonatal deaths in the latter year. Conclusion: Although mortality in very low birth weight decreased by more than 60% in recent years, this group still contributes with more than half of neonatal deaths. Low family income remains an important risk factor in this scenario.

Resumo Objetivo Revisar os principais aspectos da definição, diagnóstico e manejo do paciente pediátrico com sepse e choque séptico. Fontes de dados Uma pesquisa nas plataformas de dados Medline e Embase foi feita. Os artigos foram escolhidos segundo interesse dos autores, priorizaram-se as publicações dos últimos 5 anos. Síntese dos dados A sepse continua a ser uma causa importante de mortalidade em pacientes pediátricos. A variabilidade de apresentação clínica dificulta uma definição precisa em pediatria. A estabilização da via aérea com adequada oxigenação, e ventilação se necessário, ressuscitação volêmica inicial, administração de antibióticos e suporte cardiovascular são a base do tratamento da sepse. Em cenários de poucos recursos, deve-se atentar para os riscos de sobrecarga hídrica na administração de fluidos. A administração de drogas vasoativas, como adrenalina ou noradrenalina, se faz necessária na ausência da resposta ao volume na primeira hora. O seguimento do tratamento do choque deve seguir alvos como restauração dos sinais vitais e clínicos de choque e controle do foco de infecção. Recomenda-se a avaliação multimodal, com auxílio da ecografia à beira-leito para manejo após as primeiras horas. No choque refratário, deve-se atentar para situações como tamponamento cardíaco, hipotireoidismo, insuficiência adrenal, catástrofe abdominal e foco de infecção não controlado. Conclusões Implantação de protocolos e avançadas tecnologias propiciou uma redução da mortalidade da sepse. Em cenários de poucos recursos, as boas práticas, como reconhecimento precoce da sepse, administração de antibióticos e cuidadosa infusão de fluidos, são os pilares do manejo da sepse.

Abstract Objective Review the main aspects of the definition, diagnosis, and management of pediatric patients with sepsis and septic shock. Source of data A search was carried out in the MEDLINE and Embase databases. The articles were chosen according to the authors' interest, prioritizing those published in the last five years. Synthesis of data Sepsis remains a major cause of mortality in pediatric patients. The variability of clinical presentations makes it difficult to attain a precise definition in pediatrics. Airway stabilization with adequate oxygenation and ventilation if necessary, initial volume resuscitation, antibiotic administration, and cardiovascular support are the basis of sepsis treatment. In resource-poor settings, attention should be paid to the risks of fluid overload when administrating fluids. Administration of vasoactive drugs such as epinephrine or norepinephrine is necessary in the absence of volume response within the first hour. Follow-up of shock treatment should adhere to targets such as restoring vital and clinical signs of shock and controlling the focus of infection. A multimodal evaluation with bedside ultrasound for management after the first hours is recommended. In refractory shock, attention should be given to situations such as cardiac tamponade, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, abdominal catastrophe, and focus of uncontrolled infection. Conclusions The implementation of protocols and advanced technologies have reduced sepsis mortality. In resource-poor settings, good practices such as early sepsis identification, antibiotic administration, and careful fluid infusion are the cornerstones of sepsis management.

ABSTRACT Introduction: within the group of diseases of the osteomioarticular system, plantar fasciitis (FP) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic foot pain. Objective: to provide criteria on the use of infiltration of local anesthetics and corticosteroids for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Development: the infiltrations of corticosteroids and local anesthetics that are performed more frequently in clinical practice were selected, their effectiveness was analyzed according to the evidence in the international literature and from there the results were contrasted with the criteria and experiences of the patients authors of this work. Conclusions: the considerations made in this study suggest that the use of corticosteroids through infiltrations in orthopedic pathologies is a valuable means to improve inflammation of the tissues and for the relief of pain, both when used in the joints and in the joints and soft parts.

RESUMEN Introducción: Dentro del grupo de las enfermedades del sistema osteomioarticular la fascitis plantar (FP) es una de las causas más frecuente de dolor crónico del pie. Objetivo: aportar criterios sobre el empleo de la infiltración de anestésicos locales y corticoesteroides para el tratamiento de la fascitis plantar. Desarrollo: se seleccionaron las infiltraciones de corticoesteroides y de anestésicos locales que se realizan con mayor frecuencia en la práctica clínica, se analizó su efectividad según la evidencia en la literatura internacional y a partir de ahí se contrastaron los resultados encontrados con los criterios y experiencias de los autores de este trabajo. Conclusiones: Las consideraciones realizadas en este estudio apuntan a que el uso de los corticoides mediante infiltraciones en patologías ortopédicas es un medio valioso para mejorar la inflamación de los tejidos y para el alivio de los dolores, tanto cuando se emplea en las articulaciones como en las partes blandas.

Resumo Objetivo: O teste das microbolhas estáveis no aspirado gástrico e no líquido amniótico foi usado no diagnóstico da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido. Contudo, nenhum estudo fez esse teste nos aspirados bucais de neonatos prematuros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do teste das microbolhas estáveis em aspirados bucais de recém-nascidos prematuros para prever síndrome do desconforto respiratório. Método: Este estudo incluiu neonatos com idade gestacional < 34 semanas. Os fluidos orais foram obtidos imediatamente após o nascimento e os fluidos gástricos foram coletados nos primeiros 30 minutos de vida. As amostras foram congeladas e testadas em 72 horas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de aspirados pareados de 64 recém-nascidos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório (n = 21) e grupo de controle (n = 43). A mediana (intervalo interquartil) da contagem das microbolhas estáveis nas amostras de fluido oral dos neonatos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório foi significativamente menor que a dos neonatos que não desenvolveram sintomas respiratórios: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório = 12 (8-22) microbolhas estáveis/mm2; grupo de controle = 100 (48-230) microbolhas/mm2 (p < 0,001). A correlação entre a contagem das microbolhas nos aspirados gástricos e bucais foi 0,90 (intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,85-0,95; p < 0,001). Considerando um ponto de corte de 25 microbolhas/mm2, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste das microbolhas estáveis foram 81,4% e 85,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que o teste das microbolhas estáveis feito no aspirado bucal é uma opção confiável ao fluido gástrico para a predição da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido.

Abstract Objective: The stable microbubble test on gastric aspirate and on amniotic fluid has been used for the diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. However, no study has performed this test on oral aspirates from premature infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the stable microbubble test on oral aspirates from preterm newborns to predict respiratory distress syndrome. Method: This study included infants with gestational age <34 weeks. Oral fluids were obtained immediately after birth and gastric fluids were collected within the first 30 minutes of life. The samples were frozen and tested within 72 hours. Results: The sample was composed of paired aspirates from 64 newborns, who were divided into two groups: respiratory distress syndrome group (n = 21) and control group (n = 43). The median (interquartile range) of the stable microbubble count in the oral samples of infants with respiratory distress syndrome was significantly lower than that of infants who did not develop respiratory symptoms: respiratory distress syndrome group = 12 (8 -22) stable microbubbles/mm2; control group = 100 (48 -230) microbubbles/mm2 (p < 0.001). The correlation between microbubble count in gastric and oral aspirates was 0.90 (95% confidence interval = 0.85 -0.95; p < 0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 25 microbubbles/mm2, the sensitivity and the specificity of the stable microbubble test were 81.4% and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the stable microbubble test performed on oral aspirate is a reliable alternative to that performed on gastric fluid for the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre posição prona, aumento da diurese e diminuição do balanço hídrico em pacientes pediátricos criticamente enfermos e submetidos à ventilação mecânica (VM) por causa pulmonar, além de descrever eventuais intercorrências relacionadas à aplicação dessa posição. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional retrospectivo. Pacientes submetidos à VM por causa pulmonar, com idade entre 1 mês e 12 anos no período entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2015, foram selecionados e divididos entre os que receberam posição prona (GP) e os que não receberam (GC) durante a internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (Utip). Os dados foram analisados longitudinalmente de D1 a D4. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados77 pacientes (GP=37 e GC=40). Em termos de características gerais, os grupos foram semelhantes entre si. Na comparação entre os grupos, não houve aumento da diurese ou diminuição do balanço hídrico cumulativo no grupo prona. Na análise longitudinal de D1 a D4, evidenciou-se que o GP apresentou maior diurese (p=0,034) e menor balanço hídrico cumulativo (p = 0,001) no D2. Com relação ao uso de diuréticos, houve maior uso de furosemida (P<0,001) e de espironolactona (P=0,04) no GP. Não houve aumento de eventos adversos durante a utilização da posição prona. CONCLUSÃO: A posição prona não demonstrou associação com aumento da diurese ou diminuição de balanço hídrico cumulativo em pacientes críticos pediátricos submetidos à VM por causa pulmonar.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between prone position, increased diuresis, and decreased cumulative fluid balance in critically ill pediatric patients who underwent mechanical ventilation (MV) for pulmonary causes and describe adverse events related to the use of the position. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study. Patients aged between 1 month and 12 years who underwent MV for pulmonary causes, between January 2013 and December 2015, were selected and divided between those who were put on prone position (PG) and those who were not (CG) during the hospitalization at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Data were analyzed longitudinally from D1 to D4. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients (PG = 37 and CG = 40) were analyzed. The general characteristics of both groups were similar. In the comparison between the groups, there was no increase in diuresis or decrease in cumulative fluid balance in the prone group. In the longitudinal analysis of D1 to D4, we saw that the PG presented higher diuresis (p = 0.034) and a lower cumulative fluid balance (p = 0.001) in D2. Regarding the use of diuretics, there was greater use of furosemide (P <0.001) and spironolactone (P = 0.04) in the PG. There was no increase in adverse events during the use of the prone position. CONCLUSION: The prone position was not associated with increased diuresis or decreased cumulative fluid balance in critically ill pediatric patients who underwent to MV for pulmonary causes.